{"id":1193,"date":"2024-07-02T09:54:51","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T08:54:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/orchontal.de\/wordpress\/?page_id=739"},"modified":"2025-04-10T12:25:27","modified_gmt":"2025-04-10T10:25:27","slug":"citadel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/monuments\/karabalgasun\/citadel\/","title":{"rendered":"The Citadel"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"block_5b8613bf3d936256ee5e7d02ce8ae85e\" class=\"section hero-stage section\">\n    <div class=\"stage-container hero-stage--images fullsize align-right\">\n                                                    <figure id=\"block_5b8613bf3d936256ee5e7d02ce8ae85e--image-665\" class=\"current\">\n                    <div class=\"object-fit-wrapper object-cover\">\n                                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images\/DJI_0003-scaled-e1744280714445.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing landscape\" >\n                    <\/div>\n                    <figcaption>View from the south-west over the temple and palace city <span class=\"copyright-dai\">\u00a9 M. Riemer \/ DAI<\/span><\/figcaption>\n                <\/figure>\n                            <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hero-stage--text align-left\">\n        <div class=\"background-transparent\"><\/div>\n        <h1>The Citadel<\/h1>\n        <p>The temple and palace city of Karabalgasun is an impressive archaeological site that is still dominated by two striking buildings. The citadel in the south-east corner of the complex formed the central residential area.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <section class=\"section two-columns text-block block-margin\">\n    <h2>Stupa and Citadel<\/h2>\n<div class=\"two-column-text\">\n    <p>Another particularly striking feature is a tower construction in the western half of the temple and palace city, which is referred to as a stupa and whose function is still unclear today. In the south-eastern corner is also the citadel itself, presumably the royal living quarters. This stacked podium, over 10 meters high and about 60 x 70 meters in size, was surrounded by a high wall that protected the inner area from attack. Stairs or ramps led to the interior of the citadel, which was accessed via two gates leading into the citadel.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n    <section id=\"block_141b15c9712a03bc157200900754112c\" class=\"section two-columns text-image-block align-right block-margin\">\n    <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n        <div class=\"text-block\">\n                    <h2>A Magnificent Fortress<\/h2>\n                    <p>In summary, the citadel of Karabalgasun can be described as a magnificent fortress: You entered it through a large north gate and reached a paved courtyard surrounded by columns. From there, another portal led into a stately hall whose walls were decorated with gray-blue plaster. The entire building complex was carefully laid out, but the remains of destruction and gradual decay bear witness to the fact that the citadel was once the scene of fierce battles.<\/p>\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"circle-highlight arrow-down\"><span class=\"icon-arrow-down\"><\/span><\/button>\n    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"stage-container image-block lightbox-single-image\">\n                                    <figure id=\"block_141b15c9712a03bc157200900754112c--image-723\" class=\"current\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/PlanZitadelle.webp\" data-thumb-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/PlanZitadelle-150x150.webp\" data-caption=\"Citadel plan\">\n                <div>\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/PlanZitadelle-768x432.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing a plan\" loading=\"lazy\">\n                                <\/div>    \n                <figcaption>Citadel plan <span class=\"copyright-dai\">\u00a9 H. Rohland \/ DAI<\/span><\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n<figure class=\"block-image section full-size\">\n    <picture>\n        <!-- <source srcset=\"\/media\/cc0-images\/surfer-240-200.jpg\" media=\"(orientation: portrait)\" \/> -->\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zitadelle_2-scaled.webp\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zitadelle_2-scaled.webp\">\n    <\/picture>\n    <figcaption>\n        View to the citadel from the north-west \u00a9 M.Riemer \/ DAI    <\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Artefacts from the Citadel in the Find Archive<\/h2>\n\n\n<div id=\"block_38523db267da088eb37a181ba4ce18e5\" class=\"section find-catalog\">\n  <button type=\"button\" id=\"btn-prev--block_38523db267da088eb37a181ba4ce18e5\" class=\"catalog-prev-item\"><span class=\"icon-arrow-down\"><\/span><\/button>\n  <div>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/find\/antefix-traufziegel-mit-lotosbluetendekor\/\">\n        <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/funde\/104_traufziegel_1280.webp\" alt=\"The image shows a circular clay plate. On its upper side, it is decorated with a three-dimensional lotus flower decoration.\">\n                      <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Antefix Roof Tile with Lotus Flower Decoration<\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>                \n      <\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/find\/kraehenfuesse\/\">\n        <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/funde\/050_kraehenfuss_kkm-1.webp\" alt=\"\">\n                      <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Crow&#8217;s Feet<\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>                \n      <\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/find\/dachschmuckziegel-mit-fabeltierdarstellung\/\">\n        <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/funde\/055_fabeltier.webp\" alt=\"The image shows a fragmented face of a grotesque mythical creature, depicted in clay.\">\n                      <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Roof Decoration Depicting a Mythical Creature<\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>                \n      <\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/find\/kapitell-und-postament-einer-loewenfigur-aus-stein\/\">\n        <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/funde\/054_steinpodest.webp\" alt=\"The picture shows a fragment of a circular stone pedestal with the remains of an animal figure.\">\n                      <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Pedestal for a Lion Sculpture<\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>                \n      <\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/find\/fragment-einer-loewenfigur\/\">\n        <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/funde\/053_steinloewe_KKM_1280_px.webp\" alt=\"Image of a broken marble lion sculpture.\">\n                      <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Fragment of a Lion Sculpture<\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>                \n      <\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/find\/metallblume\/\">\n        <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n                        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/funde\/051_metallblume.webp\" alt=\"\">\n                      <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Lotus Blossom made from Sheet Bronze<\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>                \n      <\/a>\n      <\/div>\n  <button type=\"button\" id=\"btn-next--block_38523db267da088eb37a181ba4ce18e5\" class=\"catalog-next-item\"><span class=\"icon-arrow-down\"><\/span><\/button>\n<\/div>\n\n\n    <section class=\"section two-columns text-block block-margin\">\n    <h2>The North Gate of the Citadel<\/h2>\n<div class=\"two-column-text\">\n    <p>The northern gate was particularly magnificent and was probably the main entrance. It was flanked by two massive wall projections that protruded into the inner courtyard. On the basis of preserved post constructions, we assume that a high gate tower secured the entrance, as is known from other contemporary complexes and illustrations. Through the gate, one entered a paved inner courtyard flanked by light buildings or open corridors along the citadel walls. A drainage system indicates that this courtyard was not covered.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n  <section id=\"block_b2aee14a9ef2d3f4d2a631bb89989e68\" class=\"section image-series block-margin no-link\">\n  <h2>The North Gate During the Excavation Work<\/h2>\n    <div class=\"image-container\">\n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/HofbereichZitadelle_Nordtor2-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/HofbereichZitadelle_Nordtor2-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Courtyard and northern gate of the citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Courtyard and northern gate of the citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/HofbereichZitadelle_Nordtor-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/HofbereichZitadelle_Nordtor-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Courtyard and northern gate of the citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Courtyard and northern gate of the citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n          <\/div>\n                <\/section>\n\n\n    <section class=\"section two-columns text-block block-margin\">\n    <h2>The Western Gate<\/h2>\n<div class=\"two-column-text\">\n    <p>The western gate was smaller and simpler. A few steps and the remains of gate stringers that supported the rammed earth wall have been preserved here. This gate could also be closed by a massive door, the anchors of which can still be seen in the ground. Behind it, a wooden plank path led to a staircase that led to a 70 cm high platform. An elongated building, probably single-storey, stood on this platform.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n  <section id=\"block_12a78a0c87d03d14e930b6d54161ce90\" class=\"section image-series block-margin no-link\">\n  <h2>The West Gate During Excavation Work<\/h2>\n    <div class=\"image-container\">\n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/WesttorZitadelle2-300x200.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/WesttorZitadelle2-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Western Gate of the Citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Western Gate of the Citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/UeberblickWesttorZitadelle-300x199.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/UeberblickWesttorZitadelle-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Western Gate of the Citadel with remains of the burnt plank path\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Western Gate of the Citadel with remains of the burnt plank path <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/WesttorZitadelle-300x200.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/WesttorZitadelle-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Western Gate of the Citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Western Gate of the Citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/PfostenschlitzmauerWesttor-Zitadelle-300x199.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/PfostenschlitzmauerWesttor-Zitadelle-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Post-slot Wall next to the Western Gate\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Post-slot Wall next to the Western Gate <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n          <\/div>\n                <\/section>\n\n\n    <section class=\"section two-columns text-block block-margin\">\n    <h2>The Main Building<\/h2>\n<div class=\"two-column-text\">\n    <p>The main building of the citadel was located in the south-eastern corner. Here we found the remains of a tower-like structure measuring 20 x 20 meters. Inside, the building was divided by rammed earth walls and wood as well as three rows of column bases. The central room was a stately hall in which carefully crafted column bases indicate a large, stable building. Remains of rubble and traces of fire indicate that the citadel was destroyed by fire. The massive pile of rubble also suggests that the main building was compseveral storeys. Interestingly, the remains of a floor were discovered in the lower layers, which were protected by the thick masses of rubble. There was also evidence of warfare, such as arrowheads and anklets. The walls of the citadel probably stood for a while after the fire before gradually succumbing to erosion and finally collapsing.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n\n\n\n  <section id=\"block_def7f147f287f12584d287678a2876d2\" class=\"section image-series block-margin no-link\">\n  <h2>The Main Building During Excavation Work<\/h2>\n    <div class=\"image-container\">\n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zitadelle-Hofbereich-300x200.webp\" alt=\"Picture showing the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zitadelle-Hofbereich-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"The courtyard of the citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>The courtyard of the citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/FreilegungStandartenpostament-300x199.webp\" alt=\"Picture of excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/FreilegungStandartenpostament-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Uncovering of a stone standard post in the courtyard of the citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Uncovering of a stone standard post in the courtyard of the citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Abb.-09-Blick-in-den-zentralen-Raum-des-Zitadellenturmes-mit-Saeulenbasen-Foto-KAAK-Bonn-M.-Riemer-1-300x201.webp\" alt=\"View of the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Abb.-09-Blick-in-den-zentralen-Raum-des-Zitadellenturmes-mit-Saeulenbasen-Foto-KAAK-Bonn-M.-Riemer-1.webp\" data-caption=\"Documentation work inside the main building of the citadel\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Documentation work inside the main building of the citadel <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BlickHofbereichZitadelle_Riemer-300x201.webp\" alt=\"Picture of excavation\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/BlickHofbereichZitadelle_Riemer-scaled.webp\" data-caption=\"Walls and courtyard area of the citadel of Karabalgasun\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Walls and courtyard area of the citadel of Karabalgasun <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n                      <figure>\n          <div class=\"image-wrapper\">\n            <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/11_HB2_18_1754_copyright-300x200.webp\" alt=\"Image of several iron crow's feet\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"lightbox-image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/11_HB2_18_1754_copyright.webp\" data-caption=\"Crow's feet were scattered on the ground during acts of war. They had four barbed points and were forged so that one point always pointed upwards when thrown on the ground. This was intended to injure and incapacitate enemy horses and men.\">\n          <\/div>\n          <figcaption>Crow&#8217;s feet were scattered on the ground during acts of war. They had four barbed points and were forged so that one point always pointed upwards when thrown on the ground. This was intended to injure and incapacitate enemy horses and men. <\/figcaption>\n        <\/figure>      \n          <\/div>\n                <\/section>\n\n\n    <section id=\"block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc\" class=\"section two-columns text-image-block align-right block-margin text-slider-block\">\n    <div class=\"text-wrapper\">\n        <div class=\"text-block\">\n                    <h2>The Discovery of the Fountain<\/h2>\n                    <p>Evidence of water supply infrastructure was identified: we were able to discover the remains of a <a href=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/monuments\/karabalgasun\/well\/\">well<\/a> in the inner courtyard, which reached deep into the ground and presumably ensured the water supply during sieges.<\/p>\n            \n        <\/div>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"circle-highlight arrow-down\"><span class=\"icon-arrow-down\"><\/span><\/button>\n    <\/div>\n        <div class=\"stage-container image-block lightbox-gallery\">\n                <div class=\"slider\">\n                                    <figure id=\"block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc--image-732\" class=\"current\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/VerfaerbungBrunnen-scaled.webp\" data-thumb-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/VerfaerbungBrunnen-150x150.webp\" data-caption=\"Soil discolouration indicating the vertical well shaft\">\n                <div>\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/VerfaerbungBrunnen-768x576.webp\" alt=\"View of the excavation\" loading=\"lazy\">\n                                <\/div>    \n                <figcaption>Soil discolouration indicating the vertical well shaft <span class=\"copyright-dai\">\u00a9 H. Rohland \/ DAI<\/span><\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure>\n                            <figure id=\"block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc--image-726\" class=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/SteinkranzBrunnenmitHolzeinfassung-scaled.webp\" data-thumb-src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/SteinkranzBrunnenmitHolzeinfassung-150x150.webp\" data-caption=\"Stone rim of the fountain with preserved wooden surround\">\n                <div>\n                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/SteinkranzBrunnenmitHolzeinfassung-768x512.webp\" alt=\"View into the well shaft\" loading=\"lazy\">\n                                <\/div>    \n                <figcaption>Stone rim of the fountain with preserved wooden surround <span class=\"copyright-dai\">\u00a9 H. Rohland \/ DAI<\/span><\/figcaption>\n            <\/figure>\n                        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"slider-nav dots\">\n            <button type=\"button\" id=\"btn-prev--block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc\" class=\"prev-image\"><span class=\"icon-arrow-down\"><\/span><\/button>\n            <input type=\"radio\" name=\"slider-nav\" class=\"sr-only\" id=\"radio-block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc--image-732\" checked><label for=\"radio-block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc--image-732\" class=\"nav-dot\"><\/label><input type=\"radio\" name=\"slider-nav\" class=\"sr-only\" id=\"radio-block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc--image-726\" ><label for=\"radio-block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc--image-726\" class=\"nav-dot\"><\/label>            <button type=\"button\" id=\"btn-next--block_7521ac1e169381c0a710fb6da4d0b4fc\" class=\"next-image\"><span class=\"icon-arrow-down\"><\/span><\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        \n            <\/div>\n    <\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Artefacts from the Citadel in the Find Archive<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":1149,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1193","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1193","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1193"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1880,"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1193\/revisions\/1880"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1149"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/orchontal.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}